Kant enlightenment7/8/2023 ![]() Kant's opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of enlightenment as people's inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage. ![]() ![]() Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public community, in reply to Biester's essay entitled: "Proposal, not to engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted" (April 1783) and a number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. In the December 1784 publication of the Berlinische Monatsschrift ( Berlin Monthly), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. " Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" ( German: Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?), often referred to simply as " What Is Enlightenment?", is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. ![]()
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